Germánium
32
Ge
Skupina
14
Perióda
4
Orbitál
p
Protóny
Elektróny
Neutróny
32
32
41
Hlavné vlastnosti
Protónové číslo
32
Atómová hmotnosť
72,63
Hmotnostné číslo
73
Kategória
Polokovy
Farba
Sivá
Rádioaktívny
Nie
From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Kryštálová sústava
Tvárovo-centrovaný kockový
História
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Elektróny v obale
2, 8, 18, 4
Elektrónová konfigurácia
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Fyzikálne vlastnosti
Skupenstvo
Tuhé látky
Hustota
5,323 g/cm3
Teplota topenia
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Teplota varu
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Skupenské teplo topenia
31,8 kJ/mol
Skupenské teplo varu
334 kJ/mol
Tepelná kapacita
0,32 J/g·K
Množstvo v zemskej kôre
0,00014%
Množstvo vo vesmíre
0,00002%
Registračné číslo CAS
7440-56-4
PubChem CID číslo
6326954
Atómové vlastnosti
Atómový polomer
122 pm
Kovalentný polomer
122 pm
Elektronegativita
2,01 (Paulingova stupnica)
Ionizačný potenciál
7,8994 eV
Atómový objem
13,6 cm3/mol
Tepelná vodivosť
0,599 W/cm·K
Oxidačné stavy
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Aplikácie
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Izotopy
Stabilné izotopy
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74GeNestabilné izotopy
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge