Hafnium
72
Hf
Skupina
4
Perióda
6
Orbitál
d
Protóny
Elektróny
Neutróny
72
72
106
Hlavné vlastnosti
Protónové číslo
72
Atómová hmotnosť
178,49
Hmotnostné číslo
178
Kategória
Prechodné prvky
Farba
Sivá
Rádioaktívny
Nie
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Kryštálová sústava
Jednoduchý šesťuholníkový
História
In 1911, Georges Urbain claimed to have found the element in rare-earth residues which was shown later to be a mixture of already discovered lanthanides.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon in 1922.
Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetra-iodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924.
Elektróny v obale
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Elektrónová konfigurácia
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
In powdered form, hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air
Fyzikálne vlastnosti
Skupenstvo
Tuhé látky
Hustota
13,31 g/cm3
Teplota topenia
2506,15 K | 2233 °C | 4051,4 °F
Teplota varu
4876,15 K | 4603 °C | 8317,4 °F
Skupenské teplo topenia
25,5 kJ/mol
Skupenské teplo varu
630 kJ/mol
Tepelná kapacita
0,144 J/g·K
Množstvo v zemskej kôre
0,00033%
Množstvo vo vesmíre
7×10-8%
Registračné číslo CAS
7440-58-6
PubChem CID číslo
23986
Atómové vlastnosti
Atómový polomer
159 pm
Kovalentný polomer
175 pm
Elektronegativita
1,3 (Paulingova stupnica)
Ionizačný potenciál
6,8251 eV
Atómový objem
13,6 cm3/mol
Tepelná vodivosť
0,23 W/cm·K
Oxidačné stavy
2, 3, 4
Aplikácie
Hafnium oxide-based compounds are being introduced into silicon-based chips to produce smaller, more energy efficient and performance packed processors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors.
Hafnium is also used in photographic flash bulbs, light bulb filaments, and in electronic equipment as cathodes and capacitors.
Hafnium is considered to be non-toxic
Izotopy
Stabilné izotopy
176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, 180HfNestabilné izotopy
153Hf, 154Hf, 155Hf, 156Hf, 157Hf, 158Hf, 159Hf, 160Hf, 161Hf, 162Hf, 163Hf, 164Hf, 165Hf, 166Hf, 167Hf, 168Hf, 169Hf, 170Hf, 171Hf, 172Hf, 173Hf, 174Hf, 175Hf, 181Hf, 182Hf, 183Hf, 184Hf, 185Hf, 186Hf, 187Hf, 188Hf